he Indus Journal of Science (IJS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Indus Education and Research Network, Pakistan. It offers a multidisciplinary platform for high-quality research in natural sciences, life sciences, and technology. IJS publishes original articles, reviews, case reports, and short communications from researchers worldwide. Committed to academic excellence and ethical standards, IJS follows a rigorous double-blind peer review process and adheres to a gold open access policy